- Interference Types
- Clean: No interference.
- Line Noise: Can be caused by Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) or Radio Frequency Interference (RFI).
- Transient: Short duration of noise.
- Countermeasures: Voltage regulators, grounding/shielding, and line conditioners are effective against interference.
- Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
- Common Mode Noise: Difference between hot and ground wires, often related to grounding issues.
- Traverse Mode Noise: Difference between hot and neutral wires.
- Power Excesses
- Spike: A short, high-voltage event.
- Surge: A long, high-voltage event.
- Countermeasure: Use surge protectors to mitigate the effects of spikes and surges.
- Power Losses
- Fault: A short power outage.
- Blackout: A long power outage.
- Countermeasures:
- Short Term: Use an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) to provide immediate backup power.
- Long Term: Employ a backup power generator.
- UPS Types:
- Online UPS: Continuously powers systems through its batteries, always active.
- Standby UPS: Remains inactive until a power loss is detected.
- Power Degradation
- SAG/DIP: A short, low-voltage event.
- Brownout: A long, low-voltage event.
- Countermeasure: Use constant voltage transformers to stabilize voltage levels.
- Other Power-Related Issues
- Inrush Surge: The surge of current required to power on devices.
- Common-Mode Noise: Radiation from hot and ground wires.
- Traverse-Mode Noise: Radiation from hot and neutral wires.
- Static Charge Effects
- 40 Volts: Can affect sensitive circuits.
- 1000 Volts: Can scramble monitor displays.
- 1500 Volts: Can cause disk drive data loss.
- 2000 Volts: Can lead to system shutdown.
- 4000 Volts: Can cause printer jams.
- 17000 Volts: Can permanently damage chips.
Understanding these concepts and implementing the appropriate countermeasures is essential for maintaining the stability and security of electrical systems in both IT and industrial environments.