• Definition: CPS are smart, networked systems that integrate embedded sensors, processors, and actuators. These systems are designed to interact with and respond to the physical world in real-time.
• Functionality: By combining computing power with physical processes, CPS can monitor, control, and manage physical processes, often through feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa.

CPS are increasingly prevalent in industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and energy, where they enable advanced automation, monitoring, and control capabilities.