Interviewing and interrogation are essential techniques used in investigations, each serving a distinct purpose. Understanding the differences between these methods, as well as the proper procedures to follow, ensures that information is gathered effectively and legally. Here’s a breakdown of the key concepts related to interviewing and interrogation:

1. Interviewing

• Purpose: The primary goal of interviewing is to gather facts and determine the substance of the case. Interviews are typically non-confrontational and focus on obtaining information from witnesses, victims, or individuals with relevant knowledge.
• Approach:
  • Preparation: Before the interview, prepare questions and topics to cover. Having a clear plan helps ensure that all necessary information is obtained.
  • Establish Rapport: Put the interviewee at ease to encourage open and honest communication. Building rapport can help in gathering more detailed and accurate information.
  • Information Gathering: Ask open-ended questions to allow the interviewee to provide as much detail as possible. Take notes or record the conversation if permitted.
  • Summarization: At the end of the interview, summarize the information provided to ensure accuracy and understanding.

2. Interrogation

• Purpose: Interrogation is a more focused and confrontational process, primarily used to retrieve evidence or obtain a confession from a suspect. The goal is to confirm or refute information related to the case.
• Approach:
  • Evidence-Based: Interrogation often involves presenting evidence to the suspect and asking pointed questions designed to elicit a response.
  • Building Pressure: While maintaining legal and ethical standards, the interrogator may use tactics to apply psychological pressure, encouraging the suspect to confess or provide critical information.
  • Confession Objective: Ultimately, the goal of interrogation is to obtain a confession or evidence that directly relates to the case.

3. The Process – Due Process

• Preparation: Both interviewing and interrogation require careful preparation. Develop a plan that includes the questions to be asked, topics to cover, and the desired outcomes. Be familiar with the facts of the case and any relevant evidence.
• Putting Witnesses at Ease: During an interview, it’s important to make the witness comfortable, so they feel more inclined to share information freely.
• Lead and Supporting Roles: Designate one person as the lead interviewer or interrogator. This person directs the questioning and ensures the conversation stays on track. One or two others may assist by observing, taking notes, or asking follow-up questions. This approach helps ensure consistency and accuracy.
• Never Alone: It’s important to avoid conducting interviews or interrogations alone. Having others present provides additional perspectives, ensures accountability, and protects against any claims of misconduct or coercion.

Legal and Ethical Considerations

• Due Process: Ensure that all procedures follow legal guidelines and respect the rights of the individuals involved. Avoid any practices that could be considered coercive, such as unlawful detention, forced confessions, or violation of privacy rights.
• Documentation: Keep thorough records of the interview or interrogation, including notes on what was asked, what was said, and the behavior of the interviewee or suspect. This documentation is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the investigation and may be used as evidence in legal proceedings.

Summary

• Interviewing: Focuses on gathering facts in a non-confrontational manner, often involving witnesses or victims. Preparation, rapport-building, and summarization are key components.
• Interrogation: Aimed at retrieving evidence or obtaining a confession from a suspect. It involves a more direct and confrontational approach, often supported by evidence.
• Process: Prepare thoroughly, designate roles, and never conduct interviews or interrogations alone. Ensure that due process is followed to protect the rights of all parties involved.

By adhering to these principles, investigators can effectively gather information while maintaining legal and ethical standards.