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WAN Protocols Overview

CISSP

  1. Private Circuit Technologies
    • Dedicated Line: Always available, reserved for communication.
    • Leased Line: Type of dedicated line.
      • T1: 1.5 Mbps via telephone line.
      • T3: 44.7 Mbps via telephone line.
      • E1: European standard, 2.048 Mbps digital transmission.
  2. Serial Line IP (SLIP)
    • Function: Used for TCP/IP over slow interfaces for communication with external hosts.
    • Limitations: No authentication, supports only half-duplex communication, no error detection, manual link establishment and teardown.
  3. Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
    • Improvement on SLIP: Adds login, password, and error correction (by CHAP and PAP).
    • Capability: Supports full-duplex communication.
  4. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
    • Combination: Digital telephony and data transport.
    • Usage: Overtaken by xDSL, limited by “D Channel” for call management.
  5. xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
    • Function: Uses telephone lines to transport high bandwidth data.
    • Types:
      • ADSL: Asymmetric, up to 18,000 feet, more downstream bandwidth.
      • SDSL: Symmetric, up to 10,000 feet.
      • HDSL: High Rate, T1 speed, up to 12,000 feet.
      • VDSL: Very High Speed, 13-52 Mbps down, 1.5-2.3 Mbps up, up to 4,500 feet.
  6. Circuit-Switched Networks
    • Operation: Requires a dedicated physical circuit path during transmission, used for constant communication, typically in voice networks, sensitive to connection loss.
  7. Message Switching Networks
    • Operation: Transmits messages from node-to-node, storing them until a forwarding path is available.
  8. Packet-Switched Networks (PSN or PSDN)
    • Operation: Nodes share bandwidth by sending small data units (packets), which are reassembled at the destination. Creates virtual circuits only when needed, cost-effective, but sensitive to data loss.

This overview of WAN protocols provides a comprehensive understanding of how different communication methods work over wide area networks, highlighting their capabilities and limitations.

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